The research fills a critical gap in understanding lean methodologies within essential service sectors in developing countries.

Using a quantitative approach with data from 365 respondents, analyzed through regression, correlation, and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), the study reveals that both JIT and CI positively influence OP, with JIT demonstrating a stronger impact.

Key findings highlight JIT's ability to significantly improve cost reduction, inventory management, and delivery efficiency, while CI fosters a quality-driven culture and enhances productivity, albeit to a lesser extent. The implications emphasize the importance of integrating lean practices to address operational challenges and optimize resource use in the water sector. This study offers actionable insights for policymakers and industry leaders aiming to boost organizational outcomes in resource-constrained environments.